Kubernetes

  • Open source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.
  • Groups containers that make up an application into logical units for easy management and discovery.

Features

  • Automatic binpacking - automatically place containers across a cluster based on their resource requirements and constraints
  • Horizontal scaling
  • Self-healing - restarts containers that fail, kill containers that don't respond to health checks
  • Service discovery and load balancing using IPs addresses and DNS name
  • Automated rollouts and rollbacks - rolling upgrades
  • Secret and configuration management
  • Storage orchestration - mount filesystems e.g. AWS, NFS

Overview

  • Use Kubernetes API objects to describe the cluster's desired state and the Control Plane will make the cluster's current state match the desired state. It does this by starting containers, scaling the number of replicas of an application etc.
  • The Control Plane maintains record of all objects in the system and its control loops respond to changes and work to make cluster match desired state.

Objects

  • Basic
    • Pod
    • Service
    • Volume
    • Namespace
  • Higher Level
    • ReplicaSet
    • Deployment
    • StatefulSet
    • DaemonSet
    • Job

Cluster

  • Consists of a master node and worker nodes
  • Master node runs apiserver, controller-manager and scheduler. It is responsible for maintaining desired state of the cluster. It co-ordinates all activites in the cluster e.g. scheduling applications, maintaining desired state, scaling applications and rolling out new updates
  • A node is a VM or physical computer that serves as a worker machine in a cluster. These nodes run kubelet (to communicate with master) and proxy. We rarely interact with nodes directly. They should be able to run containers e.g. Docker.

Deployment

  • Responsible for creating and updating instances of your application.
  • Deployment configuration instructs Kubernetes how to create and update instances of your application

Pod

  • Atomic unit on the Kubernetes platform - always runs on a node.
  • Abstraction that represents a group of one or more application containers and some shared resources for the containers e.g. shared storage, networking
  • Models an application specific logical host - can contain different application containers which are tightly coupled.
  • Run inside Kubernetes on a private, isolated network - visible inside the cluster but not outside the network

Services

  • An abstraction layer which defines a logical set of Pods and enables external traffix exposure, load balancing and service discovery for those pods
  • Enable a loose coupling between dependent pods. This is defined by a YAML file.
  • Routes traffic across a set of Pods - allows pods to die and replicate without impacting the application
  • Services match a set of Pods using labels and selectors
  • Pod IP addresses are private unless exposes outside the cluster by using a service.
  • There are a few different types of service:
    • ClusterIP - default - internal IP in the cluster
    • NodePort - exposes service on : for each node in the cluster
    • LoadBalancer - Fixed external IP to the Service - superset of NodePort
    • ExternalName - Exposes the service using an arbitrary name via CNAME record

Scaling

  • Accomplished by changing the number of replicas in a Deployment
  • New pods are created and scheduled to nodes.
  • Can scale to a desired number or autoscaling of pods is supported.
  • Services have an integrated load balancer to distribute traffic to all pods

Rolling Updates

  • Allow deployments to take place with zero downtime by incrementally updating pod instances with new ones
  • Allow rollback to previous versions

Kubectl Commands

  • kubectl get - list resources
  • kubectl describe - shows detailed information about a resource
  • kubectl logs - print the logs from a container in a pod
  • kubectl exec - execute a command on a container in a pod

Python Client

  • Github, Docs
  • Configuration file can be loaded using config.load_kube_config(config_file_path)
  • Create an instance of the API using api_instance = client.CoreV1Api()
  • Operations on the API can be invoked using the functions specified in the docs. They return an object which has the json parsed into instance variables.
  • You use the api to get a high level object e.g. service and then use python code to drill down into that object.
  • For example, service = api_instance.read_namespaced_service(service_name, namespace) returns the service object which can be queried like service.status

API

  • Can be invoked using curl
  • Docs

Misc

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